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A screen reader is a software application that enables people with severe visual impairments to
use a computer. Screen readers work closely with the computer’s Operating System (OS) to provide
information about icons, menus, dialogue boxes, files and folders. A screen reader provides access
to the entire OS that it works with, including many common applications.
A screen reader uses a Text-To-Speech (TTS) engine to translate on-screen information into speech,
which can be heard through earphones or speakers. A TTS may be a software application that comes bundled
with the screen reader, or it may be a hardware device that plugs into the computer. Originally, before
computers had soundcards, screen readers always used hardware TTS devices, but now that soundcards come as standard
on all computers many find that a software TTS is preferable. In addition to speech feedback, screen readers are also
capable of providing information in Braille. An external hardware device, known as a refreshable Braille display is
needed for this. A refreshable Braille display contains one or more rows of cells. Each cell can be formed into the
shape of a Braille character, a series of dots that are similar to domino dots in their layout. As the information
on the computer screen changes, so does the Braille characters on the display change, providing refreshable information
directly from the computer. Whilst it is possible to use either format independently, Braille output is commonly used in
conjunction with speech output.
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Information related to the various screen readers
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